An avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003 thought to be initiated from a migratory water fowl resulted in the culling of 30 million poultry in an area of the country where free-range poultry farming was common 9.
Ducks can also shed pathogens near chicken farms or other animals-such as pigs-that have access to outside areas. Humans may also have direct contact with ducks and their excrement through the recreational sport of duck hunting 8.
Ducks are observed in a multitude of fresh water sources including ponds, water fountains and pools where they can defecate bacteria have been shown to be distributed through aerosols from ornamental fountains 5, 6 and reclaimed water dispensed through an irrigation system 7. Water fowl and wild birds have been identified as reservoirs for the virus Influenza A 2, 3 a highly mutable and infectious pathogen that infects avian and mammalian species 4. Throughout the history of medicine there has been an awareness of animal to human transmission of disease, and the etiological pathogens have been collectively described as zoonoses 1. In addition, to being known carriers of viral pathogens wild ducks should also be recognized as a potential source of a range of bacterial diseases. Bacterial species present in the analysis revealed numerous organisms linked to human and animal diseases including septicemia, rat bite fever, pig mastitis, endocarditis, malar masses, genital infections, skin lesions, peritonitis, wound infections, septic arthritis, urocystitis, gastroenteritis and drinking water diseases. and Helicobacter brantae representing the majority of the eubacterial fecal microbiome. Our investigation into the composition of the wild duck, Aythya americana, eubacterial microbiome from a fecal sample using amplicon pyrosequencing revealed that the representative bacterial species were quite distinct from a pond water sample, and we were able to classify the major operational taxonomic units with Fusobacterium mortiferum, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Lactobacillus intermedius, Actinomyces suimastitidis, Campylobacter Canadensis, Enterococcus cecorum, Lactobacillus aviarus, Actimomyces spp., Pseudobutyrivibrio spp.
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